Ivan Petrovich Pavlov ( 1849 - 1936 )
نویسندگان
چکیده
Our mouth waters when we think of our favourite food, and so does that of a dog. But can we know what a dog is thinking about? An experimental entry to a dog's mind was achieved by Pavlov through a rather convoluted chain of studies performed at the beginning of the century that is now coming to an end. His approach is now common knowledge. If presentation of food is preceded every time by a bell, and the sequence is repeated several times, a stage is finally reached when the dog starts salivating immediately on listening to the bell. It may be reasonably assumed that by now the bell makes the dog think of food. In technical terms, an inborn reflex has been used to establish a conditioned reflex wherein the animal responds to an ordinarily neutral stimulus (in this case, the bell), which is henceforth called a conditioned stimulus.
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Medicine in stamps. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936): conditioned reflexes.
Pavlov is famous for demonstrating that once conditioned, a dog’s digestive system can respond to the simple ringing of a bell without the actual introduction of food. The phenomenon was termed conditioned reflex, and it won for this Russian physiologist the Nobel Prize in 1904. Secrecy and poor communication led to his premature obituary in the Western media in 1916. Pavlov, in fact, worked on...
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The sesquicentennial of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov’s birth in September 1999 is being celebrated in Russia by a special issue of the Russian Journal of Physiology (the former I. M. Sechenov Physiological Journal, founded by Pavlov in 1917). The following article and the address by Skinner that it introduces are scheduled to appear in Russian translation in that special issue. Skinner’s ‘‘Some Respon...
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